Expert-Verified: Understanding the 3 Types of Cushing’s Disease in Dogs
Is your older dog drinking more water than usual and needing more frequent bathroom breaks? These could be early signs of Cushing’s disease—a common hormonal disorder in dogs.
While Cushing’s disease is relatively common in dogs, and you may have heard of it, many pet owners don’t realize that it comes in three distinct forms, each with its own cause and treatment approach.
In this guide, we’ll explore the types of Cushing’s Disease, the clinical signs you should look for, available treatment options, and helpful tips for long-term management.
Cushing’s Disease in Dogs: What Is It and Should You Be Concerned?
Cushing’s disease in dogs, or hyperadrenocorticism, is caused by the overproduction of cortisol by the adrenal glands. This hormonal disorder can lead to a wide range of health issues if left untreated. It most commonly affects middle-aged and older dogs.
Understanding cortisol’s key role in your dog’s well-being
Cortisol plays a vital role in your dog’s body by managing stress, controlling weight, fighting infections, and regulating blood sugar. However, too much cortisol can disrupt these systems and lead to serious health issues.
This hormone is normally regulated by the pituitary gland, which produces ACTH to signal the adrenal glands when cortisol is needed.
Early detection of Cushing’s disease in dogs is essential to prevent serious complications that could impact your pet’s long-term health. Prompt consultation with a veterinarian or a qualified pet homeopathy expert can help ensure timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment.
Hyperadrenocorticism in Dogs: 3 Types You May Not Know About
Contrary to popular belief, Cushing’s disease, also known as hyperadrenocorticism in dogs, is not a single condition. It refers to three distinct types, each with different causes and treatment approaches:
#1. Iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome
Iatrogenic Cushing’s syndrome in dogs is caused by the long-term use of external (exogenous) steroids, such as oral or injectable corticosteroids. These medications can disrupt the body’s natural hormone balance when used excessively.
This form of Cushing’s is preventable and highlights the importance of careful, vet-guided steroid use.
#2. Adrenal-dependent Cushing's disease
Adrenal-dependent Cushing’s disease accounts for approximately 15–20% of Cushing’s cases in dogs. It is caused by a tumor—either benign or malignant—on one or both adrenal glands, leading to excessive cortisol production.
This form typically requires advanced diagnostics and may involve surgical or medical treatment options.
#3. Pituitary-dependent Cushing's disease (PDH):
Pituitary-dependent Cushing’s disease (PDH) is the most common form, accounting for 80–90% of cases in dogs. It’s typically caused by a benign tumor on the pituitary gland, which overstimulates the adrenal glands through excess ACTH production.
Certain breeds, including Poodles, Dachshunds, Boxers, and Terriers, are more genetically predisposed to developing this condition.
Canine Cushing’s Disease: Key Clinical Signs to Watch For
Below are the most common signs of Cushing’s disease in dogs. If you notice any of these, consult your veterinarian or a pet homeopathy expert for proper diagnosis and care:
- Increased thirst and drinking (polydipsia)
- Frequent urination (polyuria)
- Increased appetite (polyphagia)
- Hair loss, especially on the abdomen, flanks (sides), and legs (alopecia)
- Thinning of the skin
- Dark spots on the skin (hyperpigmentation)
- Pot-bellied appearance
- Excessive panting
- Lethargy and general weakness
- Muscle wasting or weakness
- Poor wound healing
- Recurrent skin infections (pyoderma)
As mentioned earlier, early detection is key when managing hyperadrenocorticism in dogs. Many of its clinical signs can mimic other conditions, such as canine diabetes, liver disease, hypothyroidism, kidney issues, or allergies, which also require prompt veterinary attention.
Diagnosing Cushing’s Disease in Dogs: What to Expect at the Vet
Diagnosing Cushing’s disease in dogs begins with a thorough physical examination, medical history, and lab testing to rule out other conditions. Baseline diagnostics typically include a complete blood count (CBC), biochemistry profile, and urinalysis.
These tests may reveal abnormalities such as elevated alkaline phosphatase (ALP), diluted urine, or protein in the urine, key indicators that help guide further testing. Several specialized tests are also available to confirm a diagnosis of Cushing’s disease in dogs. These include:
ACTH stimulation test
The ACTH stimulation test evaluates how your dog’s adrenal glands respond to an injected dose of ACTH, a hormone naturally produced by the pituitary gland to trigger cortisol production.
This test is mainly helpful for diagnosing iatrogenic Cushing’s disease and is often preferred for dogs with concurrent health conditions.
Endogenous ACTH test
The endogenous ACTH test measures the level of ACTH naturally produced by your dog’s pituitary gland. It helps differentiate between pituitary-dependent and adrenal-dependent Cushing’s disease, guiding a more accurate diagnosis and treatment plan.
Low-Dose Dexamethasone Suppression Test (LDDST)
The low-dose dexamethasone suppression test (LDDST) measures how your dog’s body responds to synthetic steroids, evaluating the ability to suppress cortisol production. It’s often the preferred screening test for diagnosing Cushing’s disease in dogs.
Urine Cortisol:Creatinine Ratio (UCCR)
The urine cortisol:creatinine ratio (UCCR) is a non-invasive screening test that measures cortisol levels in your dog’s urine. While it’s highly sensitive for detecting Cushing’s disease, it lacks specificity and is typically used alongside other diagnostic tests.
High-Dose Dexamethasone Suppression Test (HDDST)
The high-dose dexamethasone suppression test (HDDST) is used to help distinguish between pituitary-dependent and adrenal-dependent Cushing’s disease in dogs. It provides valuable information when initial test results are inconclusive or further classification is needed.
In addition to diagnostic laboratory tests, imaging techniques are often used to help confirm Cushing’s disease in dogs and identify its underlying cause. Common imaging methods include:
Computed Tomography or CT scan
Computed tomography (CT scan) is a valuable imaging tool used to assess the adrenal and pituitary glands in dogs suspected of having Cushing’s disease. It helps detect tumors and other structural abnormalities with high precision.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is the most effective imaging method for evaluating the pituitary gland in dogs with suspected Cushing’s disease. It offers detailed visualization, making it especially valuable for detecting pituitary tumors.
Abdominal ultrasound
Abdominal ultrasound is frequently used to assess the adrenal glands in dogs with suspected Cushing’s disease. It helps detect tumors or irregularities that may indicate adrenal-dependent hyperadrenocorticism.
Treating Cushing’s Disease in Dogs: What Conventional Medicine Offers
Treatment for Cushing's disease in dogs focuses on long-term management rather than a cure, except in rare cases where a benign adrenal tumor can be surgically removed.
Additionally, treatment approaches vary with the underlying cause and can include medication, surgical intervention, or radiation therapy to balance hormone levels and support the dog’s health and quality of life.
- Medication (General): The most common approach, aimed at suppressing excess cortisol production.
- Iatrogenic Cushing’s: Managed by gradually tapering off steroid use under veterinary supervision.
- Surgery: A potential cure for adrenal-dependent canine Cushing’s caused by benign tumors. Pituitary tumor surgery is more complex and typically done at specialized centers.
- Trilostane for dogs: FDA-approved for both pituitary- and adrenal-dependent Cushing’s; reduces cortisol production and requires close monitoring.
- Mitotane for dogs: Destroys cortisol-producing adrenal tissue; used for certain atypical cases and demands careful supervision due to possible side effects.
- Radiation therapy: May be considered for larger pituitary tumors (macroadenomas), especially when neurological symptoms are present.
- Selegiline for dogs: FDA-approved for select pituitary-dependent cases; typically less effective than trilostane or mitotane.
- Ketoconazole for dogs: Occasionally used but not a first-line treatment due to limited effectiveness.
Natural Remedies for Dog Cushing’s Disease: What You Should Know
Cushing’s disease in dogs can lead to multiple health complications that require careful evaluation and ongoing management. Early diagnosis and regular monitoring are essential to prevent further issues and maintain your dog’s quality of life.
Consulting a pet homeopathy specialist can offer valuable support in creating a personalized, holistic treatment plan. Here's how an online consultation could assist:
Personalized assessment: A homeopath would assess your dog’s specific symptoms—whether it’s excessive thirst, urination, coat changes, or lethargy—and recommend remedies tailored to your dog's unique needs and constitution.
Support for symptoms: Certain homeopathic remedies may help manage common symptoms of Cushing's disease, such as: Excessive thirst and urination, Skin issues, Weight gain, or lethargy.
Gentle detox: Homeopathy may aid in detoxifying the liver and adrenal glands, which are often involved in Cushing's disease. Homeopathic remedies can help balance these organs without harsh side effects.
Boosting vitality: Homeopathy focuses on stimulating the body’s vital force, helping to balance the endocrine system and support your dog’s natural healing processes, leading to improved energy and overall health.
Complementary to conventional treatment: Many pet owners use homeopathic remedies alongside prescribed medications or treatments like trilostane or mitotane to reduce the side effects of these medications, such as nausea or lethargy.
Stress relief: Cushing’s disease can cause mental stress and discomfort, and homeopathy can help support emotional well-being. Remedies might ease anxiety or nervousness, improving your dog’s mood.
Managing Canine Cushing’s Disease: Supportive Care Strategies That Help
Managing Cushing’s disease in dogs requires lifelong treatment and consistent monitoring to ensure effective control of symptoms. Regular veterinary checkups and blood tests, such as ACTH stimulation tests, are essential to adjust medications and watch for potential side effects.
Dog owners should actively monitor their pet at home for changes in symptoms, including increased thirst and urination. A low-fat diet may also be recommended, as dogs with Cushing’s disease often experience elevated cholesterol levels.
Giving medication exactly as prescribed is essential to keep Cushing’s disease under control. It's also important for pet owners to recognize possible side effects and consult their veterinarian if any unusual signs develop.
If you're considering natural remedies, consult a qualified pet homeopathy expert to ensure safe and effective care tailored to your dog’s needs.
Prognosis for Dogs with Cushing’s Disease: What Pet Owners Should Know
The prognosis for dogs with Cushing’s disease, particularly pituitary-dependent cases, is generally favorable with consistent treatment and monitoring.
While survival times vary, many dogs live comfortably for several years after diagnosis. Early intervention and proper management play a key role in maintaining a good quality of life.
On the other hand, the prognosis for adrenal-dependent Cushing’s disease in dogs largely depends on the nature of the adrenal tumor. If the tumor is benign and surgically removed, the outlook is often very positive; however, malignant tumors typically carry a less favorable prognosis.
Akin to its pituitary-dependent counterpart, early diagnosis and timely treatment are key to improving the dog’s comfort and overall quality of life.
FAQs
What are the symptoms of Cushing's disease in dogs?
Common symptoms of Cushing’s disease in dogs include increased thirst and urination, hair loss, pot-bellied appearance, excessive panting, weight gain, and skin changes. Early detection is key to effective management.
What is the life expectancy of a dog with Cushing's disease?
Dogs with Cushing’s disease often live two to four years after diagnosis, depending on the type and severity of the condition. Consistent treatment, regular monitoring, and early intervention can significantly improve lifespan and quality of life.
What foods should dogs with Cushing's avoid?
Dogs with Cushing’s disease should avoid high-fat, high-sodium, and heavily processed foods. A balanced, low-fat diet supports hormone regulation and helps manage common issues like high cholesterol and weight gain.
What are the final stages of Cushing's disease in dogs?
In the final stages of Cushing’s disease, dogs may experience severe muscle weakness, lethargy, appetite loss, frequent infections, and organ failure. Quality of life declines, making palliative care and compassionate decisions essential.
What breed of dog is more prone to Cushing's disease?
Breeds more prone to Cushing’s disease include Poodles, Dachshunds, Boxers, Beagles, and Terriers. Small to medium-sized, middle-aged, and senior dogs are especially at risk for developing this endocrine disorder.
What are the first signs of diabetes in dogs?
The first signs of diabetes in dogs often include increased thirst, frequent urination, unexplained weight loss, and increased appetite. Early detection is crucial to begin treatment and prevent serious health complications.
At what age can Cushing's start in dogs?
Cushing’s disease in dogs most commonly begins between the ages of 6 and 8 years old, though it can appear later. Early signs may be subtle, so regular vet checkups are key to early detection.
Are dogs with Cushing's in pain?
Dogs with Cushing’s disease aren’t typically in direct pain, but they may experience discomfort from symptoms like muscle weakness, skin infections, or bloating. Proper treatment helps improve comfort and quality of life.
Are dogs with Cushing's always hungry?
Yes, increased appetite is a common symptom of Cushing’s disease in dogs due to elevated cortisol levels. While not all dogs show this, many experience constant hunger that improves with proper treatment.
What are the early stages of Cushing's disease in dogs?
In the early stages of Cushing’s disease, dogs may show subtle signs like increased thirst, frequent urination, mild hair loss, and a pot-bellied appearance. Early detection is key for effective management.
What are the 5 P's of Cushing's disease in dogs?
The 5 P’s of Cushing’s disease in dogs are: polyuria (excessive urination), polydipsia (excessive thirst), polyphagia (increased appetite), panting, and pot-bellied appearance—key signs that often indicate hormonal imbalance.
Do dogs with Cushing's sleep a lot?
Yes, dogs with Cushing’s disease may sleep more than usual due to fatigue, muscle weakness, or disrupted hormone levels. Increased sleepiness is a common symptom that improves with proper treatment and care.
How long will a dog with Cushing's live?
With proper treatment and monitoring, dogs with Cushing’s disease can live for two to four years or more. Lifespan depends on the underlying cause, overall health, and how well the condition is managed.
Do dogs with Cushing's lick a lot?
Excessive licking can be a symptom of Cushing’s disease in dogs, often linked to skin irritation, anxiety, or hormonal imbalances. Proper diagnosis and treatment can help reduce this compulsive behavior.
A Final Word
Cushing’s disease in dogs is a manageable condition with the right veterinary care and attentive home monitoring. Early consultation with your veterinarian is essential if you notice any signs or changes in your dog’s behavior. Partnering with a pet homeopathy specialist can also support a well-rounded, holistic approach to your dog’s long-term health and well-being.
Following your veterinarian’s treatment plan and scheduling regular checkups are key to helping your dog with Cushing’s disease live a happy, healthy life. If you're exploring natural remedies, consulting a pet homeopathy specialist is also recommended for safe, holistic support.
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