Vet-Verified: Early Signs of Lung Cancer in Dogs and How to Treat It Naturally

Lung cancer in dogs can be of two types: primary or secondary. Primary lung cancer, where the primary tumor develops in the lungs, is rare in dogs. Secondary, metastatic lung cancer, where the primary tumor develops elsewhere in the body but spreads to the lungs, is the most common form of lung cancer in dogs.

Clinical signs of lung cancer in dogs may include coughing (sometimes with blood), labored breathing, lethargy, and reduced exercise tolerance. If your dog exhibits these clinical signs, a visit to the veterinarian is vital.

Treatment for lung cancer involves removing the lung tumor (if possible), followed by chemotherapy or radiation therapy.

In this article, you will learn about the clinical signs, how the diagnosis is made, what the treatment and prognosis are, what alternative treatment methods are available, and much more.

What Is Lung Cancer In Dogs?

Lung cancer in dogs is a condition in which abnormal cells grow uncontrollably in the lung tissue. It can be primary, originating in the lungs, or secondary, when it spreads from other parts of the body (metastasizes). Primary lung cancer in dogs can spread to regional lymph nodes or other organs.  However, primary lung tumors are relatively rare in dogs, but metastatic lung cancer is more common. Tumors can be either solitary or multiple.

Primary Lung Cancer in Dogs

Although rare, primary lung cancers have been observed more frequently in the past two decades. This increase is attributed to longer life expectancies in dogs, improved diagnostic techniques (like advanced imaging), greater awareness among veterinarians and pet owners, and prolonged exposure to environmental carcinogens, such as pollution and secondhand smoke. Primary lung cancer in dogs accounts for approximately 1% of all canine malignancies.

Primary lung tumors in dogs are generally diagnosed at an average age of 10-12 years, affecting all breeds and both sexes equally. Over 80% of these tumors are cancerous (malignant). The most common type of primary lung cancer in dogs is bronchoalveolar carcinoma or adenocarcinoma. Lung cancer in dogs can spread to other parts of the lungs, lymph nodes, bones, and brain, as well as other organs.

Secondary Lung Cancer in Dogs

Metastatic or secondary lung tumors are much more common in dogs than primary lung tumors. As already mentioned, these cancers originate elsewhere in the body and spread to the lungs. Due to the intense vascularization of the lungs, many types of cancer from other areas of the body tend to metastasize to this region. In addition, a tumor can also spread to the lungs through the lymphatic system or by the direct extension of cancer cells from a neighboring area in the body.
The most common types of cancer that spread to the lungs are:

Osteosarcoma - This type of bone cancer often spreads to the lungs, frequently even before the primary tumor is identified.

Melanoma - Canine melanoma, particularly in the oral and digital forms, is highly aggressive and commonly spreads to the liver, lungs, and nearby lymph nodes. Pulmonary metastases typically present as multiple nodules.

Anal sac carcinoma - This form of cancer is highly metastatic, frequently metastasizing to the lymph nodes and lungs.

Mammary carcinoma – It is one of the most common types of primary cancers that spread to the lungs.

What Are The Clinical Signs of Lung Cancer in Dogs? Recognizing Early Symptoms

Although lung cancer can occur in dogs of any age, it is particularly common in older dogs. The average age at diagnosis is 9-11 years. In general, clinical signs of lung cancer in dogs include the following:

• Coughing (sometimes with blood)
• Difficulty breathing
• Lethargy
• Weight loss

In the case of primary tumors, clinical signs are variable, depending on several factors such as:

• Location of the tumor
• Growth rate (lung tumors can be fast or slow growing, depending on the type of cancer)
• Presence of lung disease (previous or current)

Clinical signs in primary lung tumors may include the following:

1. Exercise intolerance and lethargy

Dogs with lung cancer will get tired quickly, even after light exercise, such as short walks, climbing stairs, or light play. You will notice that something is wrong with them when they begin to avoid these activities that they otherwise enjoyed. In addition, dogs will become lethargic.

2. Generalized weakness

The lack of adequate oxygenation of the lungs (and the body) will lead to generalized weakness. You will notice that your dog has difficulty getting up, will walk slowly and unsteadily, and/or will sleep more. In addition, you may also notice muscle tremors.

3. Persistent cough (sometimes with blood)

Coughing is one of the most common clinical signs seen in dogs with lung cancer. This cough can be:

• Dry
• Irritating
• Productive (with secretions)

When lung cancer has progressed, you may also notice blood in your dog's coughing secretions. Additionally, if you have tried to treat your dog's cough with antibiotics or anti-inflammatory medications and notice that it is not improving, it means that your dog may be suffering from lung cancer. A visit to the vet at this point is crucial for a correct diagnosis and proper treatment.

4. Difficulty breathing

Lung tumors can also obstruct the airways, making breathing difficult and reducing proper oxygenation. You may also notice that your dog is breathing heavily, rapidly, or shallowly. When dogs are unable to breathe properly, they will have a characteristic body position. They will sit with their neck stretched out and their elbows out to the side.

In severe cases, when the body is not getting enough oxygen, you may even notice a blue tint of the mucous membranes (cyanosis) – you can see this by looking at your dog’s gums.

5. Loss of appetite and weight Loss

Whether it’s cancer or another condition, sick dogs won’t have the same appetite as they do when they’re healthy. As a result, they’ll eat less (or in some cases, not at all) than usual and will lose weight. However, there are cases where a dog may have a normal appetite but will continue to lose weight.

6. Vomiting

Vomiting may also occur with lung cancer in dogs. This can be a result of the cancer itself causing systemic effects, or it can occur if the cancer has spread to the liver or gastrointestinal tract, disrupting its normal function.

7. Fever

Fever can occur when the immune system responds to the tumor, which leads to the release of cytokines (chemicals) that increase the dog's body temperature. In addition, fever can also occur when there are secondary infections in the body.

8. Lameness, pain, and swelling of the limb,

Lameness usually occurs if the cancer has spread to the bones. In some cases, spontaneous fractures can also occur.

9. Seizures, loss of balance, and sudden changes in behavior

Neurological signs can occur if the lung cancer has spread to the brain.

In some cases, clinical signs are not related to the lung tumor. Moreover, the clinical signs of lung cancer in dogs are not specific, and they can also be observed in other lung conditions.

In the case of secondary lung tumors in dogs, the clinical signs are similar, except that coughing is not as common in affected dogs. The severity of symptoms also depends on the location of the tumor and whether there is a single mass or multiple tumors spread throughout the lungs. Multiple masses can cause more widespread lung dysfunction, leading to more severe clinical signs.

Why Is Recognizing Early Symptoms Crucial?

Early identification or detection of lung cancer in dogs is very important because interventions such as surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy can slow the progression of the disease, more effectively manage clinical signs, improve the dog's quality of life, and prolong their lifespan. In addition, early detection can increase the chances of successful surgical removal of the tumor or other therapies before the cancer spreads throughout the body (in the case of primary lung cancer). Moreover, preventing or limiting lung cancer from spreading to other organs will also increase the chances of successful treatment.

Lung cancer in dogs often progresses silently until it reaches an advanced stage, making treatment more difficult and less effective. Therefore, identifying subtle clinical signs such as exercise intolerance, difficulty breathing, or mild lethargy will allow your veterinarian to perform diagnostic tests and diagnose the disease earlier. This will lead to faster confirmation of the diagnosis, and therefore, more personalized and effective treatment plans for your dog. Ultimately, pet owners who are alert to early warning signs can play a key role in improving their dog’s prognosis and prolonging their survival time.

When To See A Veterinarian

It is crucial not to wait for the clinical signs to worsen and to take your dog to the vet as soon as you notice any of the clinical signs listed above or when their behavior changes or any other unusual modifications or symptoms occur. Early evaluation is essential, especially if the clinical signs do not improve or worsen. Timely medical attention allows for early diagnosis and the development of an effective treatment plan, which can improve your dog's quality of life and prolong their survival time. Keep in mind that the average life expectancy for dogs diagnosed with lung primary cancer is approximately 1 year, even with treatment. In the case of secondary lung cancer, the survival time is unfortunately shorter.

Diagnostic Tools and Early Detection

The diagnosis of lung cancer in dogs involves several investigative methods. This is because the clinical signs of this condition are not specific, and they can often be confused with other conditions. Here are the exams and tests your dog will undergo for a certain diagnosis:

1. Clinical examination

This is the easiest stage of the medical examination. The veterinarian will collect information about your dog's medical history and clinical signs. They will ask questions about your dog's cough (e.g., when the cough started, how many times a day they cough, whether the cough is dry or productive, if you have seen blood, etc.), about your dog's appetite (if the dog eats with the same appetite, if they lost weight recently, etc.), and about other clinical signs and symptoms that will be present during the examination.

The physical examination involves evaluating the body's systems, including listening to the heart and lungs with a stethoscope (to detect abnormal heart and lung sounds), palpating the lymph nodes, determining the dehydration grade, examining the mucous membranes, and others. Depending on the results of the general examination, your veterinarian will recommend a series of additional tests for an accurate diagnosis.

2. Additional tests

Blood tests

Blood tests do not confirm a diagnosis of cancer, but they are necessary to assess organ function and your dog’s general condition. Your veterinarian may recommend the following tests:

• Complete blood count (CBC) – It indicates the general condition of the blood, including the number and types of blood cells (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets), helping to detect infections, anemia, inflammation, or other conditions.
• Blood chemistry – It provides information about the function of internal organs (liver, kidneys, pancreas), electrolyte balance, glucose levels, proteins, and other substances in the blood, helping to assess your dog’s general health and detect any metabolic disorders. In addition, measuring liver enzymes and renal markers may be useful if the vet wants to anesthetize or sedate your dog (to perform other diagnostic tests).

X-rays

First, your veterinarian will want to perform chest x-rays to check for lung tumors. If the lung cancer is secondary, chest x-rays are done to see if it has spread to the lungs. The images might reveal a single mass in cases of primary lung cancer or multiple small masses scattered throughout the lungs in secondary lung cancer. Additionally, chest x-rays can detect fluid accumulation between the lungs and the surrounding membrane (pleural effusion) as well as other changes that occur when cancer spreads within the chest cavity.

However, it’s important to note that very small lung tumors in early stages may not be visible on X-rays.

Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

CT and MRI are both accurate diagnostic methods. However, MRI is less sensitive in detecting lung tumors, making CT the most accurate diagnostic method because it can detect small tumors that are not detectable on X-rays.

Abdominal ultrasound (AUS)

AUS cannot detect lung tumors, but can help diagnose metastases or lung cancers that have spread from other organs. In addition, AUS can help identify enlarged lymph nodes and assist in guided aspiration to collect a fluid sample for diagnosis if pleural effusion is present.

Bronchoscopy

Bronchoscopy or airway endoscopy is a diagnostic procedure in which a flexible tube with a video camera at the tip is inserted into your dog's airways to view the inside of them. It allows the vet to look for signs of inflammation, foreign objects, or tumors and collect tissue samples for diagnosis.

Bronchoalveolar lavage

Bronchoalveolar lavage is performed by injecting a sterile fluid into the airways, which is then removed and examined under a microscope for diagnosis. It offers the possibility of a clear and precise diagnosis.

Lung Biopsy

A lung biopsy confirms the diagnosis of lung cancer. In addition, it can also determine the type and grade of cancer. There are two methods of lung biopsy: ultrasound-guided – when a tissue sample is taken from the lungs using ultrasound to guide the needle exactly to the suspicious area, thus ensuring a precise and minimally invasive sampling for diagnosis; and surgical biopsy – when the veterinarian removes only part of the lung tumor (partial) or the entire tumor (total).

When it is suspected that the primary lung cancer has spread within the body, the veterinarian may recommend additional tests such as a brain MRI (if it is suspected that the cancer has spread to the brain), bone x-rays (if it is suspected that the cancer has spread to the bones), or abdominal ultrasound (when it is suspected that the lung cancer has spread to internal organs, such as the liver).

Importance Of Early Detection

Early detection is vital in any type of cancer, not just lung cancer, as it increases the chances of successful treatment, improves the dog's quality of life, and increases survival time. In addition, identifying lung cancer in dogs at an early stage allows for more treatment options, which can slow the progression of the disease and prevent complications (which usually occur when the cancer is in an advanced stage) and its spread throughout the body.

If you notice any clinical signs in your dog, consult a vet as soon as possible.

Treatment Options for Lung Cancer in Dogs

Depending on the type and stage of your dog's lung cancer, your veterinarian will recommend the following treatments:

1. Surgery

Surgical removal of the lung tumor is the preferred treatment method by most veterinarians. This type of treatment is only indicated in primary lung cancers when the tumor is isolated and there are no obvious metastases. Additionally, the dog must be medically evaluated and declared suitable for surgery.

The procedure involves removing the lung lobe (lung lobectomy) in which the tumor is located. Most lung lobe tumors are surgically removed via an incision made on the side of the chest (thoracotomy), located just behind the front leg. In some cases, the veterinarian may recommend removing the entire affected lung (pneumonectomy) when it is desired to prevent the spread of the cancer. This will only be possible if the other lung functions within normal parameters. According to studies, complications with this procedure (pneumonectomy) are common, but perioperative mortality is low.

The veterinarian may also recommend removing regional ganglia to see if the lung cancer has spread to them.

In situations where lung metastases occur, characterized by the presence of multiple small nodules, veterinarians may suggest other treatment options.

Risks and complications of lung surgery in dogs

Like any other surgical intervention, lung surgery can involve certain risks and complications, such as:

• Postoperative infections - there is a risk of developing infections in the lungs, chest cavity, or incision site.
• Pneumothorax - a common complication of lung surgery. Pneumothorax occurs when air enters the pleural cavity, which can lead to the collapse of the lung and cause severe breathing difficulties.
• Respiratory failure - the affected dog may experience difficulty breathing after surgery, especially if the other lung is not functioning properly.
• Postoperative bleeding
• Postoperative pain

To promptly identify any signs of complications, the dog must be closely monitored after surgery. This monitoring involves observing respiratory function, tracking oxygen levels, assessing signs of pain, and evaluating the dog’s overall health and behavior.

2. Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy is usually recommended for metastatic lung cancer or when the primary lung cancer is advanced or aggressive. Studies in dogs with visible tumors have shown limited success. Research involving chemotherapy drugs such as doxorubicin, mitoxantrone, vindesine, and cisplatin has mostly shown poor or minimal responses, with only a few cases showing significant tumor shrinkage. However, in some cases, combination chemotherapy using vindesine, cisplatin, doxorubicin, or mitoxantrone has demonstrated certain benefits.

Vinorelbine is a chemotherapy drug that has shown some more effective results. It works by disrupting the formation of microtubules during cell division, effectively inhibiting the proliferation of cancer cells. As the studies show, out of 10 dogs treated with vinorelbine, eight had a partial response to treatment. The median time to disease progression was 88 days, and the median survival was 100 days. Vinorelbine was well tolerated, with an acceptable toxicity profile, demonstrating efficacy in treating inoperable lung tumors in dogs.

Most chemotherapy drugs have side effects such as gastrointestinal disturbances and bone marrow suppression. However, these are not as pronounced as in humans. Side effects are usually managed with supportive care like anti-nausea meds, fluid therapy, and monitoring blood counts closely.

3. Radiation therapy

If the primary lung tumor cannot be removed by surgery, your veterinarian may recommend radiation therapy, which uses high-energy x-rays for treatment. Your dog may require between 1 and 5 sessions of radiation therapy, depending on the oncologist’s recommendation. Stereotactic radiation therapy (SRS/SRT) is an advanced and modern radiation therapy technique, representing a nonsurgical option for treating primary lung tumors by delivering very precise doses of radiation directly to the tumor, thereby minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissue.

Side effects that may occur are most often skin-related and include redness, irritation, and hair loss. In some cases, lethargy may also occur. In general, side effects occur 2-3 weeks post-treatment and resolve on their own within a few weeks.

4. Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy in dogs with lung cancer is an emerging approach that aims to harness and enhance the dog’s immune system to better recognize and fight cancer cells. Several types of immunotherapies are currently being explored and used in veterinary oncology. These include:

• Immunocidin – an immune stimulant derived from Mycobacterium phlei, works by activating immune cells, thereby enhancing the immune response against tumors and potentially slowing cancer progression.
• Inhaled IL-15 – a cytokine involved in stimulating the proliferation and activation of some types of immune cells, represents a promising form of immunotherapy that targets lung tumors more directly through the respiratory system.

However, as with all cancer treatments, responses can vary, and research continues to optimize their efficacy and safety.

5. Palliative treatment

When your dog’s lung cancer cannot be addressed with standard therapies, your veterinarian may recommend treatments aimed at relieving symptoms and improving their quality of life. These can include steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, bronchodilators to ease breathing, diuretics to reduce fluid buildup, and pain medications.

Alternative Treatments For Lung Cancer In Dogs

Several natural and herbal supplements can support your dog's immune system, making it stronger in the fight against illness. Here are some options you might consider:

Reishi mushrooms (Ganoderma lucidum)

Research in humans suggests that Reishi mushrooms can inhibit protein synthesis and slow tumor growth by modulating cell survival and proliferation pathways. These mushrooms may boost the immune system and be a promising natural option in managing some types of cancers. Zumalka’s Reishi Formula is a natural, antioxidant-packed supplement that can boost the immune system and support healthy cellular function in dogs with cancer. Additionally, it may promote liver health and strengthen the body’s natural defenses.

Turkey Tail mushrooms (Coriolus versicolor)

Rich in beta-glucans, these polysaccharides stimulate the immune response and may slow tumor progression. Studies highlight benefits in various human cancers, such as gastric, breast, intestinal, and lung cancers. Turkey Tail mushrooms are often used as adjuvant therapy due to their low side-effect profile. Zumalka's Coriolus supplement is a natural formula crafted to enhance the immune system and promote overall vitality in dogs battling cancer. It offers powerful antioxidant, immune-boosting, and anti-inflammatory benefits that support healthy cellular function and strengthen the body's natural defenses.

Shiitake mushrooms (Lentinus edodes)

Known for anti-cancer and immune-boosting effects, Shiitake mushrooms contain beta-glucans that promote cancer cell death. Lentinan, a well-studied compound in Shiitake, has demonstrated therapeutic benefits in cancer patients. Supplements like SHIITAKE by Zumalka help strengthen dogs’ immune systems, support liver health, and assist in combating infections and cancer.

Birch polypore (Fomitopsis betulina)

Found in PIPTOPET by Zumalka, this medicinal mushroom has long been valued for its antiviral, antibacterial, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Studies on animals reveal their ability to enhance immune function and support natural healing, making it suitable for all dogs, including those with cancer.

PIPTOPET is most effective when combined with natural supplements like TONICPET #4, TONICPET #5, TONICPET #7, and TONICPET #10, which collectively improve oxygen circulation, immune response, circulation, and pH balance to create an environment less favorable for cancer growth.

Always consult a holistic veterinarian before using any natural remedies or products.

Prognosis and Survival Rates For Dogs With Lung Cancer

The prognosis for dogs diagnosed with lung cancer depends on several factors, such as:

• Type of cancer (primary vs. secondary)
  
• Size of the tumor
  
• Location of the tumor
  
• Whether the tumor is operable or not
  
• Grade of the tumor (whether it has spread throughout the body)
  

In the case of primary tumors, life expectancy after surgery can be 12 months, sometimes 2 years if there are no metastases (but in exceptional cases). In cases where the lung cancer is aggressive, it can recur even if the primary tumor has been surgically removed.

In the case of secondary lung cancer, the prognosis is poor, and the average survival time can be a few weeks to a few months from diagnosis.

Advanced-stage lung cancer and multiple lung tumors tend to reduce survival time in dogs.

In general, early detection and aggressive treatment can improve outcomes, but lung cancer in dogs often has a reserved to poor prognosis, especially in advanced cases. Supportive care is crucial to maintaining your dog's quality of life throughout treatment.

Emotional Support and End-of-Life Care

Emotional support and end-of-life care are essential aspects of managing lung cancer in dogs. This helps both pets and their owners cope with the physical and emotional challenges of the disease. Providing comfort, pain management, and palliative care can improve a dog’s quality of life in the advanced stages of cancer. In addition, providing guidance, counseling, and resources to dog owners can have the following benefits:

• Ease emotional burden
  
• Assist in making difficult decisions (such as humane euthanasia)
  
• Provide compassionate care during this difficult time
  

Prevention and Lifestyle Adjustments For Dogs With Lung Cancer

Cancer cannot be completely prevented, but there are steps you can take to significantly reduce your dog's risk of developing it.

Reducing risk factors: Second-hand smoke and environmental toxins, such as chemicals and pollutants, are risk factors that can lead to lung cancer in dogs. Therefore, limiting your dog's exposure to these environmental factors can reduce the risk of lung cancer in dogs by reducing lung irritation and damage.

Promoting lung health through diet and exercise: A poor diet and sedentary lifestyle can weaken a dog’s overall health and immune system, which may indirectly increase susceptibility to various diseases, including cancer. Therefore, a quality diet rich in antioxidants and regular exercise will promote overall health and immune function. In addition, exercise will maintain respiratory capacity within normal parameters.

Regular veterinary check-ups: These will allow for early detection of any health problems, including lung tumors, which will make treatment more effective.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

How long can a dog last with lung cancer?

Dogs diagnosed with primary lung cancer who undergo surgical treatment will have an average survival time of several months to a year. In exceptional cases, dogs have lived up to 2 years after treatment. However, the average survival time depends on the type of cancer, its location, its stage, and the dog's general health. In the case of secondary lung cancer, the average life expectancy can be from a few weeks to a few months after diagnosis.

What are the symptoms of late-stage lung cancer in dogs?

Dogs with late-stage lung cancer may present with clinical signs such as severe coughing (possibly with blood), difficulty breathing, lethargy, weight loss, lack of appetite, weakness, and, in some cases, lameness or signs of metastasis to other organs.

What can I do to help my dog with lung cancer?

If your dog has been diagnosed with lung cancer, you should focus on maintaining their comfort and improving their quality of life. You should also work closely with your vet to develop a personalized treatment plan. You can also help them by providing a calm, stress-free environment, ensuring proper nutrition, and giving their medication as recommended by your vet. Moreover, you can opt for alternative therapies for boosting your dog’s immune system, but always consult a vet or a homeopathic specialist before introducing new treatments.

What is the progression of lung cancer in dogs?

Lung cancer in dogs typically progresses from mild symptoms like coughing and lethargy to more severe signs such as breathing difficulties, weight loss, and weakness as the tumor grows or metastasizes. However, its progression depends on the type of tumor, its location, size, and stage.

How does a dog act with lung cancer?

The clinical signs of lung cancer in dogs are nonspecific and can be easily mistaken for those of other lung diseases. Therefore, taking your dog to the vet as soon as the signs occur is crucial for a proper diagnosis and treatment. A dog with lung cancer will cough (in the case of primary cancer), have difficulty breathing, be lethargic, and have a decreased appetite.

What can be mistaken for lung cancer in dogs?

Lung cancer in dogs can be mistaken for conditions like pneumonia, bronchitis, fungal infections, heart disease, or pulmonary edema, as these can cause similar respiratory symptoms such as coughing, difficulty breathing, and lethargy.

How long will my dog live with lung cancer?

Dogs diagnosed with primary lung cancer can live from a few months to 1-2 years after surgical removal of the tumor, especially if the cancer is in its early stages. Unfortunately, with secondary lung cancer, dogs can live from a few weeks to months from the time of diagnosis.

How do you comfort a dog with lung cancer?

To comfort your dog with lung cancer, you can provide a calm, stress-free environment, a quality diet, light exercise, and plenty of quality time spent together.

How is primary lung cancer treated in dogs?

Primary lung cancer in dogs is primarily treated by surgically removing the tumor, if possible. In some cases, in addition to surgery, your veterinarian may recommend chemotherapy or radiation therapy to destroy any remaining cancer cells. Another method of therapy is immunotherapy.

Is my dog in pain with lung cancer?

Pain in lung cancer can occur as the disease progresses (in more advanced stages). In some cases, dogs may also show signs of discomfort when lying down or moving, as well as a general reluctance to engage in normal activities.

What is the leading cause of cancer in dogs?

There is no known cause of cancer in dogs. However, a combination of risk factors (prolonged exposure to carcinogens such as tobacco smoke, certain chemicals and pollutants, genetics, and age) may play a major role in its development. 

About the author

Dr. Iuliana Mihai, DVM, MSc, PhD

Iuliana Mihai, DVM, MSc, PhD, is a Bucharest-based veterinary expert specializing in internal medicine and oncology.

Her work has been published in reputable publications such as Veterinary Medicine Journal, Catster.com, Dogster.com, Hepper.com, Meowiz.com, Springnaturals.com, Petkeen.com, and Wilderharrier.com.

She is a malpractice and negligence veterinary consultant and a graduate of The University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine and The Romanian Academy.

Read the complete profile of Dr. Iuliana Mihai, DVM, MSc, PhD (Veterinarian) here.